Chemistry archive

1. MDMA / MDA

• 1.0.1  Comprehensive Safrole FAQ
• 1.0.2  Safrole from Plants
• 1.0.3  Safrole - Synthesis & Reactions (Beilstein Crossfire search)
• 1.0.4  Distillation of Safrole
• 1.0.5  Determination of Essential Oil Safrole Content
• 1.0.6  Safrole Isomerization (Review)
• 1.0.7  Notes on the synthesis of Chloro/Bromo/Iodosafrole
• 1.0.8  Phenyl-2-halopropanes (Beilstein Crossfire search)
• 1.0.9  Alkyl halides to carbonyls using 2-Nitropropane (for example bromosafrole to MDP2P)
• 1.0.10  Alkyl halides to carbonyls using NaIO₄/DMF
• 1.0.11  Notes on the Delepine reaction
• 1.0.12  MDMA via direct aminomercuration of safrole
• 1.0.13  Propenylbenzenes from propiophenones
• 1.0.14  Aryl ketones (Propiophenones) to Aryl alkenes (Propenylbenzenes)
• 1.0.15  The Complete Book Of Ecstacy
• 1.0.16  Manufacture of MDA Analogs by Dal Cason (Really comprehensive)
• 1.0.17  Safrole purification with Mercury(II)acetate
• 1.0.18  MDA from MDP2Pol; the Mitsunobu reaction
• 1.0.19  Purification of MDP2P with Sodium Bisulfite
• 1.0.20  Purification of MDP2P via its NaI complex
• 1.0.21  Complete MDMA Synthesis by Bright Star
• 1.0.22  Complete MDMA Synthesis by Dr Drool
• 1.0.23  MDA from Bromosafrole using PTC and an azide
• 1.0.24  MDMA via Tosyl Chloride Intermediate?
• 1.0.25  Photoamination - One step from isosafrole to MDMA
• 1.0.26  Pseudonitrosite FAQ
• 1.0.27  MDP2P by 2-Nitropropene Alkylation of 1,3-Benzodioxole
• 1.0.28  Impurities in Commercially Available MDP2P
• 1.0.29  A Study of the Precursors, Intermediates and Reaction Byproducts in the Synthesis of MDMA

1.1 Epoxide related

• 1.1.1  Peracid (Performic/Peracetic) oxidation of isosafrole to MDP2P (Review)
• 1.1.2  Oxidation of propenylbenzenes to P2P's using Peracetic Acid
• 1.1.3  Meinwald Rearrangement of Propenylbenzene Epoxides to Phenyl-2-Propanones
• 1.1.4  Electrolytic oxidation of safrole to MDP2P
• 1.1.5  Procedure for the oxidation of isosafrole to MDP2P using Oxone
• 1.1.6  Epoxidation of propenylbenzenes using dimethyldioxirane or oxone
• 1.1.7  MDP2P from (iso)safrole via epoxide intermediate
• 1.1.8  Epoxidation of Safrole, using H2O2 and a peroxotungstate catalyst
• 1.1.9  Epoxidation using a Manganese Catalyst (PDF)
• 1.1.10  MDP2P from isosafrole via the dibromide, bromohydrin and epoxide
• 1.1.11  Isomerisation of Epoxides to Carbonyl Compounds by Iodides in DMSO
• 1.1.12  Electrochemical Rearrangement of Isosafrole Epoxide to MDP2P
• 1.1.13  Photochemical Conversion of Halohydrins to Ketones
• 1.1.14  Epoxidation of Olefins without Metal Catalysts
• 1.1.15  Oxidation of Alkenes to Diols with KMnO₄/PTC
• 1.1.16  Oxidation of Alkenes to Diols with Iodine and KIO₃
• 1.1.17  Synthesis of N-Iodosuccinimide (NIS) and using it to prepare iodohydrin acetates from alkenes

1.2 Piperonal/Catechol/Eugenol related

• 1.2.1  Piperonal from Pepper
• 1.2.2  Piperonal from isosafrole
• 1.2.3  Alkenes to Aldehydes with KMnO₄
• 1.2.4  Isosafrole from piperonal
• 1.2.5  Novel synthesis of Piperonal
• 1.2.6  MDMA precursors from Eugenol
• 1.2.7  Demethylation (Vanillin/Eugenol) and Methylenation (Piperonal/Safrole)
• 1.2.8  A Re-examination of the Methylenation Reaction
• 1.2.9  Synthesis of 4-allylcatechol (3,4-dihydroxyallylbenzene)
• 1.2.10  Synthesis of 4-allylcatechol (Mechanism of Claisen Rearrangement in Catechols)
• 1.2.11  Synthesis of Safrole from catechol
• 1.2.12  Synthesis of Safrole and o-Safrole
• 1.2.13  MDP2P from piperonal via 3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl-2-nitropropene
• 1.2 14  Large-scale MDA from piperonal
• 1.2.15  Preparation of MDP-2-nitropropene from piperonal with MeOH/NaOH
• 1.2.16  Electrooxidation of Isosafrole to Piperonal (PDF)
• 1.2.17  Electrochemical Oxidation of Isosafrole to Piperonal and Isosafrole Glycol
• 1.2.18  Isomerization of Eugenol to Isoeugenol - Kinetic Studies

1.3 Reductive amination

• 1.3.1  Reductive amination of MDP2P with NaBH₄
• 1.3.2  MDA by reductive amination with Sodium Cyanoborohydride
• 1.3.3  Al/Hg reductive amination of MDP2P using nitromethane as methylamine source [Pictures]
• 1.3.4  Preparation of Aluminum Amalgam
• 1.3.5  Osmium's variation of the Al/Hg reductive amination of MDP2P
• 1.3.6  MDP2P/Methylamine reductive amination Osmium/BrightStar Style
• 1.3.7  Impurities detected in MDMA made by Al/Hg Reductive Amination
• 1.3.8  Catalytic hydrogenation of MDP2P/Methylamine to MDMA
• 1.3.9  Reductive amination with NaBH4 and titanium(IV)isopropoxide
• 1.3.10  Reductive amination with NaBH4, titanium(IV)isopropoxide and methanolic methylamine
• 1.3.11  Reductive Amination of Ketones to Primary Amines using NH₄Cl/NaBH₄
• 1.3.12  Reduction of Oximes and Phenylacetonitriles with ZrCl₄/NaBH₄
• 1.3.13  MDA from MDP2P via the oxime, reduced by sodium metal
• 1.3.14  MDA by Al/Hg reduction of MDP2P oxime in acidic EtOH
• 1.3.15  MDMA and MDA via the Leuckart reaction
• 1.3.16  MDE synthesis via reductive amination with nitroethane
• 1.3.17  MDE synthesis via reductive amination with ethylamine
• 1.3.18  Sodium Dithionite for the Reduction of Imines and Cleavage of Oximes
• 1.3.19  Electrochemical Reductive Amination Method
• 1.3.20  Electrochemical Reductive Amination of P2P's over a Mercury Cathode (PDF)
• 1.3.21  Reductive Amination with Sodium Triacetoxyborohydride (PDF)
• 1.3.22  Reductive amination using metallic magnesium
• 1.3.23  Reductive amination of ketones using Pd/C and formic acid (PDF)
• 1.3.24  Synthesis of Secondary Amines - A Review
• 1.3.25  Aqueous NaBH4 Reductive Amination of Phenylacetones
• 1.3.26  Hydrogenation of imines (DejaVu Format)
• 1.3.27  Reductive Amination Using Potassium Formate and Palladium Acetate (PDF)
• 1.3.28  Reductive Amination using Borohydride Exchange Resin (BER)
• 1.3.29  Methylation of Amines with NaBH₄ and ZnCl₂ in DCM

1.4 Wacker Oxidation Methods

• 1.4.1  Benzoquinone/DMF Wacker Oxidation of Safrole
• 1.4.2  Benzoquinone/Methanol Wacker Oxidation of Safrole (Methyl Man)
• 1.4.3  Improvements to the Benzoquinone Wacker
• 1.4.4  DMF/O₂ Wacker Oxidation of Safrole
• 1.4.5  KRV/SRV Methanol/O₂ Wacker Oxidation of Safrole
• 1.4.6  Discussions about the Alkyl Nitrite Wacker Oxidation of Safrole
• 1.4.7  Electrochemical Wacker Oxidation of Safrole
• 1.4.8  Electrochemical Wacker Oxidation of Safrole (Improvement)
• 1.4.9  Regioselectivity in the Wacker oxidation of Propenylbenzenes (PDF)
• 1.4.10  Cyclodextrin - Palladium Chloride as a Ketone-selective Wacker Oxidation System

2. (Meth)amphetamines

• 2.0.1  Crystal Creations (Archived Website Snapshot)
• 2.0.2  Worlock's Meth Synthesis Page (Archived Website Snapshot)
• 2.0.3  Resolution of Racemic Amphetamines into d- and l-Amphetamines
• 2.0.4  Methamphetamine and P2P from phenylacetaldehyde
• 2.0.5  Notes on the synthesis of chloroephedrine and reduction to methamphetamine
• 2.0.6  Chloroephedrine Reduction to Methamphetamine
• 2.0.7  Synthesis of phenylpropanolamine (PPA)
• 2.0.8  CTH reduction of Phenyl-2-Nitropropene to Amphetamine
• 2.0.9  Uncle Fester's Electroreduction of (pseudo)Ephedrine
• 2.0.10  Phosphoramidomercuration of allylbenzene to give amphetamine
• 2.0.11  Syntheses of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine
• 2.0.12  A review of amphetamine and methamphetamine reduction methods
• 2.0.13  The Clandestine Drug Laboratory Situation in the United States 1978-81
• 2.0.14  Reductive amination overview with references
• 2.0.15  Reductive alkylation overview with references
• 2.0.16  Methamphetamine from P2P with NaBH₄
• 2.0.17  Al/Hg reductive amination under pressure
• 2.0.18  Large scale meth production via catalytic hydrogenation
• 2.0.19  Preparation of amphetamine phosphate (electrolytic reduction of phenylnitropropene)
• 2.0.20  One Pot Amphetamine synth from BzCN, MeI and NaBH₄
• 2.0.21  Amphetamine from P2NP using Urushibara Nickel (NiCl₂/Al)
• 2.0.22  Meth from Benzylmagnesium chloride alkylation of acetaldehyde methylimine
• 2.0.23  Methamphetamine from Phenyl-2-Propanone
• 2.0.24  Methamphetamines from Amphetamines
• 2.0.25  Synthesis of Allylbenzene from Cinnamaldehyde
• 2.0.26  Synthesis of Benzyl Chloride
• 2.0.27  Synthesis of Benzyl Cyanide
• 2.0.28  Synthesis of Phenylacetic acid
• 2.0.29  Allylbenzene - PhMgBr/CuI/Allylbromide
• 2.0.30  PTC Willgerodt synthesis of Phenylacetic acids from Acetophenones
• 2.0.31  Synthesis of Phenyl-2-nitropropene
• 2.0.32  Comprehensive Leuckart Reaction Overview from Organic Reactions (PDF)
• 2.0.33  Synthesis of Allylbenzene and Phenyl-2-bromopropane
• 2.0.34  Direct Amination of Phenylpropenes to Amphetamines (German PDF)
• 2.0.35  Preparation of Amphetamines from Phenylpropanolamines
• 2.0.36  Optically pure Amphetamines by the way of alpha-Methylhydrocinnamic Acid
• 2.0.37  Amphetamine Synthesis via an Acetoacetate Intermediate
• 2.0.38  Reduction of benzylic alcohols to hydrocarbons with iodotrimethylsilane
• 2.0.39  Dehydration of Phenyl-1-propanol to Propenylbenzene
• 2.0.40  Synthesis of (S)-(+)-Amphetamine from (1S,2S)-2-Amino-1-Phenyl-1,3-Propanediol
• 2.0.41  Amphetamine by Al/Hg reductive amination of P2P
• 2.0.42  Efficient Isomerization of Allylbenzene with NaOH/PTC
• 2.0.43  Synthesis of Deuterio-l-Amphetamine d₁ Sulfate
• 2.0.44  Synthesis of Deuterated Methamphetamine, DOB, PCP and Methaqualone

2.1 Birch reduction

• 2.1.1  The Complete Birch by Mr Clean
• 2.1.2  Birch reduction of pseudoephedrine to Methamphetamine
• 2.1.3  The Birch Reaction: Methamphetamine from (pseudo)ephedrine
• 2.1.4  Chem Guy's notes on Birch-like reductions
• 2.1.5  Birch Reduction kinetics (PDF)
• 2.1.6  Anhydrous ammonia additivies inhibiting Birch reductions (PDF)
• 2.1.7  Patent for Birch reduction inhibiting ammonia additives (PDF)
• 2.1.8  How to reclaim Lithium metal from Lithium batteries (with pictures)

2.2 P2P related

• 2.2.1  Phenyl-2-Propanone (P2P) Syntheses - a Review
• 2.2.2  Synthesis of Phenyl-2-Propanone via Phenyl-2-Propanol
• 2.2.3  Phenyl-2-Propanone from Allylbenzene via P2Pol
• 2.2.4  Phenyl-2-Propanol from Styrene Oxide
• 2.2.5  Synthesis of P2P from 3-phenyl-1-chloropropane
• 2.2.6  The Nef Reaction - Phenyl-2-nitropropane to P2P
• 2.2.7  Improved H₂O₂/K₂CO₃ Nef Reaction
• 2.2.8  Synthesis of p-Methoxy-P2P
• 2.2.9  P2P from propenylbenzenes
• 2.2.10  Azlactone Route to Phenyl-2-Propanones from Benzaldehydes
• 2.2.11  Tin(II)Chloride reduction of phenylnitropropenes to P2P's
• 2.2.12  CdCl₂-Mg-H₂O reduction of phenylnitropropenes to P2P's
• 2.2.13  Raney Ni-Na₂PO₂ reduction of phenylnitropropenes to P2P's
• 2.2.14  Strecker degradation of α-Methyl-Phenylalanine to P2P
• 2.2.15  P2P by Hydroboration-Oxidation of Phenylpropyne
• 2.2.16  Phenylacetones from O-Methyl Bromoacetone Oxime
• 2.2.17  Phenylacetone by Wacker Oxidation of Propenylbenzene
• 2.2.18  Differentiation of P2P Synthesized from Phenylacetic Acid with Acetic Anhydride vs. Lead(II)Acetate
• 2.2.19  P2P trough Meerwein Arylation of Aniline
• 2.2.20  Reaction of Aryllithiums with Epichlorohydrin
• 2.2.21  Electroreductive Acylation of Benzyl Chloride to P2P
• 2.2.22  Electroreductive Arylation of Chloroacetone to P2P
• 2.2.23  P2P from n-Propylbenzene using the Étard Reaction

2.3 Ephedrine related

• 2.3.1  Ephedrine: Synthesis, extraction and esterification
• 2.3.2  Synthesis and resolution of racemic Ephedrine
• 2.3.3  Enantioselective Synthesis of (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine
• 2.3.4  Racemization of Optically Active Ephedrines
• 2.3.5  Comprehensive reference work on the extraction and synthesis of (pseudo)ephedrine
• 2.3.6  Comparison of the Properties of Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine
• 2.3.7  Ephedrine and its Salts - Isolation and Properties
• 2.3.8  Synthesis of Phenylpropanolamine and (Pseudo)Ephedrine
• 2.3.9  [Patent] Synthesis of Ephedrine
• 2.3.10  Synthesis of the Norephedrine Precursor (1R*,2S*)-1-Phenyl-2-nitropropanol
• 2.3.11  Catalytic reduction of Ephedrine overview with references
• 2.3.12  Ephedra (Ma Huang) as a source of (pseudo)ephedrine
• 2.3.13  Chapter 5: Supercritical extraction of Pseudoephedrine from pills (PDF)
• 2.3.14  Biotransformations for Ephedrine Production (PDF)
• 2.3.15  l-Phenylacetylcarbinol (L-PAC) from Benzaldehyde (PDF)
• 2.3.16  Phenylpropanolamine by reductive amination of L-PAC, made by fermentation of Benzaldehyde
• 2.3.17  Debunking the Myth of Ephedrine/Methamphetamine in Chicken Feed
• 2.3.18  dl-Ephedrine by reductive amination of 1-Phenyl-1,2-propanedione
• 2.3.19  Ephedrine-type Alkaloid content of commercial Ephedra/Ma Huang preparations (PDF)
• 2.3.20  Separation of methamphetamine from ephedrine through steam distillation
• 2.3.21  Comprehensive article on (pseudo)ephedrine acetyl ester and amide (PDF)
• 2.3.22  Pseudoephedrine pill denaturant patents US6136864 (PDF)
• 2.3.23  Pseudoephedrine Extraction Technique: Waterless A/B
• 2.3.24  Pseudoephedrine Extraction Technique: Full Turps Cure
• 2.3.25  Pseudoephedrine Extraction Technique: E-Gull & IDEA Method
• 2.3.26  Pseudoephedrine Extraction Technique: Straight to Bee
• 2.3.27  Pseudoephedrine Extraction Technique: Straight to E
• 2.3.28  Extraction of OTC Medications: A Preliminary Study Report by G.N. Gietzen (PDF)

2.4 HI/P reduction of ephedrine

• 2.4.1  Methamphetamine Synthesis Via HI/Red Phosphorous Reduction of Ephedrine
• 2.4.2  Meth via HI/P by Wizard X
• 2.4.3  Hypophosphorous Acid synthesis and reduction of (pseudo)ephedrine
• 2.4.4  Hypophosphorous Acid reduction of (pseudo)ephedrine (with pictures)
• 2.4.5  Placebo's meth synthesis
• 2.4.6  Workup of the RP/HI Methamphetamine Synthesis
• 2.4.7  The Mechanism of HI generation from RedP/I₂

2.5 Phenylalanine Related

• 2.5.1  Reduction of D-Phenylalanine to d-Amphetamine
• 2.5.2  Reduction of D-Phenylalanine to d-Amphetamine and d-Methamphetamine
• 2.5.3  Phenylalanine to Amphetamine-d₃
• 2.5.4  Possible electrochemical conversion of L-Phenylalanine to d-Amphetamine
• 2.5.5  Reduction of Tyrosine to Optically Active para-Methoxyamphetamine (PMA)

2.6 Methamphetamine Impurities

• 2.6.1  Impurities Found in Methamphetamine Synthesized From Ephedrine with HI/P
• 2.6.2  Impurities Found in Methamphetamine Synthesized via chloroephedrine
• 2.6.3  Impurities Found in Illicit Amphetamine and Methamphetamine
• 2.6.4  References regarding impurities from the synthesis of methamphetamine
• 2.6.5  Impurities in Methamphetamine Synthesized From Ephedrine with HI/P
• 2.6.6  Impurities in methamphetamine tablets found in Thailand (PDF)
• 2.6.7  Reidentification of a Major Impurity in Illicit Amphetamine
• 2.6.8  By-Product Contamination of Clandestinely Prepared Amphetamines and Cocaine
• 2.6.9  The Origin of Alkenes in Illicit Amphetamine: Examination of the Illicit Synthesis of P2P
• 2.6.10  [Bull. Narc.] Impurities in clandestinely produced amphetamine; A review
• 2.6.11  [Bull. Narc.] Leuckart-specific impurities in amphetamine and methamphetamine
• 2.6.12  [Bull. Narc.] Methamphetamine Impurity Profiling

2.7 (Meth)cathinone

• 2.7.1  Methcathinone FAQ 2.2
• 2.7.2  Criticism on the Cat FAQ
• 2.7.3  Notes on the Synthesis of Methcathinone
• 2.7.4  The Hyperreal Methcathinone Document
• 2.7.5  Methcatinone via Jones Reagent Oxidation
• 2.7.6  Synthesis and resolution of Cathinone from Phenylpropanolamine
• 2.7.7  Comprehensive Methcatinone FAQ (In German)
• 2.7.8  Synthesis of Dimethylcathinone
• 2.7.9  Potentially Psychedelic Cathinone Analogs
• 2.7.10  Synthesis of Phenylpropanolamine (PPA)
• 2.7.11  Stereospecific synthesis, and optical resolution of Norpseudoephedrine
• 2.7.12  (Methylenedioxy)Cathinone Characterization (PDF)
• 2.7.13  Methcathinone Radiolabeling
• 2.7.14  Ephedrone: 2-Methylamino-1-Phenylpropan-1-One (Jeff)
• 2.7.15  The Identification of Cathinone in Khat (Catha edulis)
• 2.7.16  TLC Identification Test for Khat (Catha edulis)
• 2.7.17  Synthesis of Ephedrine & Methcathinone from Propionic Acid

3. Misc. Phenethylamines

• 3.0.1  PiHKAL - THE phenethylamine synthesis reference, by Alexander Shulgin
• 3.0.2  A structural tour of Pihkal
• 3.0.3  A comprehensive review of Pihkal, by Tyrone Slothrop
• 3.0.4  Psychedelic Chemistry by M. V. Smith
• 3.0.5  Novel Fluoro and Nitro analogs of TMA-2 and MMDA-2
• 3.0.6  A new route to 2,4,6-DOM and related compounds
• 3.0.7  A new route to 3,5-dimethoxy-4-substituted-phenethylamines
• 3.0.8  Ethylenediammonium diacetate - a novel nitrostyrene synthesis catalyst
• 3.0.9  Decarboxylation of phenylalanines to phenethylamines
• 3.0.10  Synthesis of 2C-D
• 3.0.11  Synthesis of STP (DOM)
• 3.0.12  2,5-Dihydroxyalkylbenzenes from Benzoquinone
• 3.0.13  Synthesis of DOC
• 3.0.14  DOB Syntheses Without LAH
• 3.0.15  Phenyl-2-nitropropenes from Propenylbenzenes
• 3.0.16  Nitroalkenes from Alkenes using NaNO₂/I₂/Ethylene Glycol
• 3.0.17  Nitroalkenes from Alkenes using KNO₂/I₂/THF/PTC
• 3.0.18  Electrochemical transformation of alkenes to nitroalkenes
• 3.0.19  Rhodanine route from benzaldehydes to phenylacetonitriles
• 3.0.20  Synthesis of Indanylamphetamine (IAP)
• 3.0 21  Formylation of Indane
• 3.0 22  Synthesis of 5-Methyl-MDA
• 3.0 23  Synthesis of 3-Methoxy-4-Methyl-Amphetamine (MMA)
• 3.0.24  Synthesis of 4-Fluoroamphetamine
• 3.0.25  Phenylnitropropenes and phenylacetones from benzaldehydes (Org. Syn.)
• 3.0.26  Benzaldehydes from propenylbenzenes or cinnamic acids using KMnO4/alumina
• 3.0.27  Synthesis of 2,5-dimethoxyallylbenzene
• 3.0.28  Preparation of unsymmetrical 2,5-dialkoxybenzaldehydes
• 3.0.29  Preparation of Phenethylamines from Benzyl Alcohols
• 3.0.30  Preparation of Anethole and Asarone epoxide with H₂O₂/MeCN
• 3.0.31  Synthesis of 4-Alkylthio-2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehydes
• 3.0.32  Alkylthio-benzaldehydes from Bromo-Benzaldehydes
• 3.0.33  Synthesis of Phenethylamines from Phenylacetic Acids
• 3.0.34  Synthesis of 2,3-Methylenedioxyamphetamines
• 3.0.35  Ultrasound Promoted Nitrostyrene Synthesis
• 3.0.36  2,5-Dimethoxyphenylacetone via Darzen Condensation
• 3.0.37  4-Iodo-2,5-Dimethoxyphenylacetone
• 3.0.38  Synthesis of 3-Methyl-2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde
• 3.0.39  Synthesis of 2C-CN
• 3.0.40  Synthesis of 4-Methoxyphenol
• 3.0.41  Synthesis of 3-Methyl-2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde
• 3.0.42  Synthesis of 3,4-Methylenedioxy-5-methoxybromobenzene
• 3.0.43  Synthesis of Fenfluramine, with an immense amount of novel amphetamine synthesis reactions
• 3.0.44  Sodium Percarbonate Dakin Reaction: Benzaldehydes and acetophenones to phenols
• 3.0.45  Benzaldehydes to phenols using H₂O₂
• 3.0.46  Synthesis of 4-Hydroxy-2,6-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
• 3.0.47  Oxidation of benzylalcohols to benzaldehydes with acidic DMSO
• 3.0.48  Benzaldehydes by reductive oxidation of benzoic acids
• 3.0.49  3,5-Dimethoxy-4-Hydroxypropenylbenzene
• 3.0.50  Synthesis of all the Trimethoxyphenylpropenes
• 3.0.51  Synthesis of Croweacin and some of its derivatives
• 3.0.52  KG-60-NEt₂ as Henry reaction catalyst
• 3.0.53  Synthesis of 3-Methyl- and 4-Methyl-2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
• 3.0.54  Synthesis of 4-Methoxyphenol
• 3.0.55  2,5-Dimethoxyacetophenone from Hydroquinone
• 3.0.56  Synthesis of 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Fluoroethylamphetamine (DOEF)
• 3.0.57  The Synthesis of Nitrostyrenes by the Henry Reaction
• 3.0.58  Synthesis of 4-Fluoro-2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamine (DOF)
• 3.0.59  High-yielding synthesis of Amphetamines using a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons Olefination
• 3.0.60  Alkyl Bromides to Secondary Amines using an aza-Wittig Reaction
• 3.0.61  Oxidation of Allylbenzenes to Phenylacetaldehydes and Phenylacetaldoximes
• 3.0.62  Synthesis of 2C-T-X Nitrostyrenes
• 3.0.63  2-Methoxy-3,4-Methylenedioxybenzaldehyde (Croweacinaldehyde) from Pyrogallol
• 3.0.64  Synthesis of Croweacinaldehyde by Vilsmeyer Formylation
• 3.0.65  Shulgin's first report on TMA
• 3.0.66  First Synthesis of DOB
• 3.0.67  Synthesis of 4-Methyl-3-Methoxy-Amphetamine (MMA)
• 3.0.68  Alkylation of phenolic aldehydes with trimethyl phosphate
• 3.0.69  Thiolation of 4-Methoxyphenol to 2-Hydroxy-5-methoxythiophenol
• 3.0.70  Shulgin & Nichols: First report on Aleph and 2C-T
• 3.0.71  First Reported Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA)

3.1 MMDA related

• 3.1.1  Shulgin's first report on MMDA
• 3.1.2  Shulgin: MMDA Psychopharmacology
• 3.1.3  Conversion of Eugenol to Myristicin and Elimicin
• 3.1.4  Composition of the Myristicin Fraction from Oil of Nutmeg
• 3.1 5  Synthesis of Myristicin
• 3.1.6  Myristicinaldehyde (3,4-methylenedioxy-5-Methoxybenzadehyde)
• 3.1.7  Synthesis of Myristicinaldehyde and Apiolealdehyde
• 3.1.8  Homomyristicinic Acid, Myristicinaldehyde etc. from Myristicin
• 3.1.9  Synthesis of Myristicinaldehyde and 5-Hydroxypiperonal
• 3.1.10  5-Hydroxyvanillin and 5-Hydroxy-3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde from 5-Bromovanillin

3.2 DMMDA-2 related

• 3.2.1  Synthesis of DMMDA-2, 6-Br-DMMDA-2 and DMMDMA-2
• 3.2.2  DMMDA-2 from dillapiole via the Delepine reaction
• 3.2.3  Isodillapiole Pseudonitrosite and Nitropropene
• 3.2.4  2,3-Dimethoxy-4,5-Methylenedioxy-Phenylacetone from Isodillapiole
• 3.2.5  4,5-Dimethoxy-2,3-Methylenedioxyallylbenzene (pseudo-Dillapiole)
• 3.2.6  Syntheses of Dillapiole and its 4-Methylthio analog
• 3.2.7  Synthesis of Dillapiole and 1,2,3,4-Tetramethoxyallylbenzene
• 3.2.8  Shulgin's first report on DMMDA and DMMDA-2

3.3 TMA-2 related

• 3.3.1  2,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-nitropropene from asarone via the benzaldehyde
• 3.3.2  TMA-2 from Calamus oil, using Wacker Oxidation and Leuckart amination
• 3.3.3  TMA-2 from Calamus root bark - by Randolph Carter
• 3.3.4  Reduction of 2,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-nitropropene to TMA-2
• 3.3.5  Synthesis of 2-Bromo-4,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, a TMA-2 precursor
• 3.3.6  CTH Reduction of 2,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-nitropropene to the ketoxime
• 3.3.7  Reactions of Asarone
• 3.3.8  GC Behavior of Asarone, Isosafrole, Isoeugenol and Methyl Isoeugenol cis/trans isomers
• 3.3.9  Asarone Epoxidation Using Sodium Hypochlorite
• 3.3.10  Why Asarone Cannot be Used in the Performic Oxidation
• 3.3.11  New synthetic route for analogs of alpha-asarone
• 3.3.12  Conversion of beta-Asarone into 2,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamaldehyde and gamma-Asarone

3.4 Mescaline related

• 3.4.1  Mescaline from 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde via the Phenylacetonitrile
• 3.4.2  Mescaline synthesis monograph from The Alkaloids Vol III
• 3.4.3  Synthesis of Mescaline from eucalyptus sawdust
• 3.4.4  Synthesis and Pharmacology of 2,6-Dichloromescaline
• 3.4.5  MMDA & Mescaline synthesis from vanillin
• 3.4.6  Electrosynthesis of mescaline
• 3.4.7  Mescaline through catalytic hydrogenation
• 3.4.8  Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde from Vanillin
• 3.4.9  5-Iodovanillin and 5-hydroxyvanillin from Vanillin
• 3.4.10  Synthesis of Syringaldehyde
• 3.4.11  Syringaldehyde from Spruce and Maple Woods
• 3.4.12  Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trimethoxy-nitrostyrene and 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-nitroethane
• 3.4.13  3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde from p-Cresol
• 3.4.14  Extraction of Mescaline from Cacti
• 3.4.15  3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde from Vanillin, 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde or p-Cresol
• 3.4.16  3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde from Gallic Acid (3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic Acid)
• 3.4.17  An Improved Synthesis of Mescaline from Gallic Acid
• 3.4.18  Syringaldehyde from 5-Bromovanillin by Ester-catalyzed Methanolysis
• 3.4.19  Synthesis of Mescaline from 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol using the Mannich Reaction
• 3.4.20  Syntheses of Mescaline from Gallic acid
• 3.4.21  Shulgin: Mescaline - The Chemistry and Pharmacology of its Analogs
• 3.4.22  Illustrated Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trimethoxy-beta-nitrostyrene and 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-nitroethane

3.5 2C-B related

• 3.5.1  2C-B Synthesis from 2,5-DMB
• 3.5.2  Beaker's 2C-B synthesis using borohydride/CTH
• 3.5.3  Improved NaBH4 reduction of nitrostyrenes to phenylnitroalkanes
• 3.5.4  High-yield synthesis of 2C-H using LAH
• 3.5.5  2C-B Synthesis via Mannich reaction
• 3.5.6  2C-H via Darzen condensation
• 3.5.7  Discussions of possible new 2C-B syntheses
• 3.5.8  Reports on different successful 2C-B syntheses
• 3.5.9  Synthesis of 2C-H via a mandelonitrile intermediate
• 3.5.10  A novel route to 2C-B (and 2C-D/2C-E)
• 3.5.11  Catalytic hydrogenation of 2,5-dimethoxynitrostyrene to give 2C-H
• 3.5.12  Catalytic hydrogenation of 2,5-dimethoxynitrostyrene to 2C-H
• 3.5.13  Improved bromination of 2C-H to 2C-B
• 3.5.14  Bromination of 2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
• 3.5.15  Selective Bromination and Iodination of 2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde
• 3.5.16  Large-scale 2C-H bromination with pictures
• 3.5.17  Synthesis of 2C-B from Anise Oil (PDF)
• 3.5.18  Synthesis of 2,5-Dimethoxyphenylacetic Acid, the corresponding aldehyde, alcohol and ethyl ester

3.6 Aromatic Iodination/Chlorination #

• 3.6.1  Iodination of methoxybenzenes with I₂/NaNO₃
• 3.6.2  Iodination of substituted benzenes with N-iodosuccinimide/TFA (PDF)
• 3.6.3  Iodination of Methoxyamphetamines (I₂/AgSO₄)
• 3.6.4  Iodination of Methoxybenzenes with NIS
• 3.6.5  Aromatic Iodination
• 3.6.6  Halogenation of methoxybenzenes with N-halosuccinimides
• 3.6.7  2C-C and DOC with N-chlorosuccinimide and perchloric acid
• 3.6.8  Synthesis of 4-Chloro-2,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-C)
• 3.6.9  Regioselective Halogenation of Aromatics Using Potassium Halides and Oxone
• 3.6.10  Regioselective Oxyiodination of Aromatics Using KI/Oxone
• 3.6.11  Regioselective Bromination of Aromatics Using KBr/Oxone
• 3.6.12  Regioselective Chlorination of Aromatics Using KCl/Oxone
• 3.6.13  Aromatic Iodination with Lead Tetraacetate as the Oxidant
• 3.6.14  Aromatic Chlorination with Sodium Hypochlorite
• 3.6.15  Synthesis of 4-Iodo-2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
• 3.6.16  Iodination of Methoxybenzenes using Alkali Iodides and H₂SO₄
• 3.6.17  Iodination of Methoxybenzenes using a Mixture of Potassium Iodide and Iodate
• 3.6.18  Shulgin: Synthesis of Radio-Iodinated N,N-Dimethyl-meta-Dimethoxyamphetamines
• 3.6.19  Shulgin: Synthesis of ¹²¹I and ¹²⁵I Radioiodinated 4-Iodo-2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamine (DOI)
• 3.6.20  Shulgin: Synthesis of ¹²³I Radioiodinated 4-Iodo-2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamine (DOI)
• 3.6.21  Synthesis of ⁷⁷Br Radiobrominated 4-Bromo-2,5-Dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine (DOB)

3.7 Reductions

• 3.7.1  Reduction of Nitroalkenes with Zinc and Aluminum Amalgams
• 3.7.2  3,5-Dimethoxy-4-Alkoxy-Phenethylamines by Zn/HCl Reduction of Nitrostyrenes
• 3.7.3  Phenethylamines fron nitrostyrenes via 1 atm catalytic hydrogenation
• 3.7.4  Reduction of Phenylacetonitriles and Nitrostyrenes to PEA's with LiBH₄/ NaBH₄and TMSCl
• 3.7.5  Notes on the LAH reduction of nitrostyrenes
• 3.7.6  Reduction of Nitrostyrenes with Red-Al (Vitride)
• 3.7.7  Reduction of Nitrostyrenes to Phenethylamines using Red-Al
• 3.7.8  Miscellaneous reductions of oximes to amines
• 3.7.9  High-Yield Oxime Preparation using CaO/Hydroxylamine·HCl
• 3.7.10  Nitrostyrene reduction using diisobutylaluminium hydride
• 3.7.11  Zinc Borohydride Reducing Agent (PDF)
• 3.7.12  Sodium Cyanoborohydride - Synthesis, Purification and Use (PDF)
• 3.7.13  Sodium Cyanoborohydride Reduction - Review (DjVu)
• 3.7.14  Borch Reduction - Cyanotrihydridoborate as a selective reducing agent (PDF)
• 3.7.15  Sodium Borohydride/Carboxylic Acids - Sodium Triacetoxyborohydride (PDF)
• 3.7.16  Sodium Borohydride in Carboxylic Acid Media - Review (DjVu)
• 3.7.17  Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitrostyrenes at 1 atm H₂
• 3.7.18  Aqueous CTH with PdCl₂/HCOOH/NaOH of cinnamic acids to hydrocinnamates
• 3.7.19  Synthesis and Reduction of Azides
• 3.7.20  Reductive Acetylation: Azides to N-acetylamines with AlI₃/Ac₂O
• 3.7.21  Reduction of Azides to Amines with Zinc/NH₄Cl
• 3.7.22  Reduction of Nitriles to Primary Amines with Nickel Boride
• 3.7.23  Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Oximes
• 3.7.24  Oximes from Conjugated Nitroalkenes using Pd/C-Ammonium Formate CTH
• 3.7.25  Oximes from Conjugated Nitroalkenes using Lead Powder
• 3.7.26  Reduction of Nitroalkanes to amines using Zinc/Ammonium Formate
• 3.7.27  Reduction of Nitroalkanes to amines using Zinc/Hydrazinium Formate
• 3.7.28  Reduction of Nitroalkanes to amines using Magnesium/Hydrazinium Formate
• 3.7.29  Reduction of nitroalkenes to nitroalkanes with 2-phenylbenzimidazoline
• 3.7.30  Reduction of nitroalkenes to nitroalkanes with Triethylamine-Formic Acid
• 3.7.31  Poisoning and Deactivation of Palladium Catalysts (PDF)
• 3.7.32  Nitrostyrenes to Nitroalkanes with Methanolic Sodium Borohydride
• 3.7.33  Nitrostyrenes to Nitroalkanes with Borohydride Exchange Resin (BER)
• 3.7.34  Reduction of Phenylacetonitriles to Phenethylamines
• 3.7.35  Electroreduction of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives (DejaVu Format)
• 3.7.36  Reduction of Phenolic Nitrostyrenes with LAH
• 3.7.37  Electroreduction of Nitroalkenes to Oximes and Amines
• 3.7.38  Reductions with Sodium Borohydride/Sulfur - NaBH₂S₃ (PDF)
• 3.7.39  Reductions with Alkyloxyaluminohydrides, Red-Al etc. (PDF)
• 3.7.40  Selective Reduction of Aldehydes with Sodium Triacetoxyborohydride
• 3.7.41  CTH Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Oximes using Pd/C-Decaborane
• 3.7.42  Ultrasound-Promoted Aluminum Amalgam reduction of Nitroalcohols to Aminoalcohols
• 3.7.43  Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Hydroxylamines using Boranes
• 3.7.44  One-Pot Preparation of N-Substituted Hydroxylamines from Nitroalkenes using Boranes
• 3.7.45  Reduction of Nitroalkanes to Amines or Hydroxylamines using SmI₂
• 3.7.46  Reduction of Oximes to Amines with a Zn-Cu Couple
• 3.7.47  Selective Reduction of Nitro Compounds Using Formic Acid and Raney Nickel
• 3.7.48  High-yielding reduction of nitrostyrenes to amines using Al/Hg
• 3.7.49  Reduction of oximes to amines using Magnesium/Ammonium Formate
• 3.7.50  Catalytic Reduction of Nitriles and Oximes
• 3.7.51  Reduction of Amides and nitriles to amines using Tetrabutylammonium Borohydride
• 3.7.52  CTH reduction of aldehydes and ketones to carbonyl compounds
• 3.7.53  Pd/C- Hypophosphite CTH Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Oximes
• 3.7.54  Varma & Kabalka: Reduction of Conjugated Nitroalkenes with Boron Reagents (Review)
• 3.7.55  Varma & Kabalka: Synthesis and Reduction of Conjugated Nitroalkenes (Review)
• 3.7.56  Reduction of Nitro Compounds to Amines with Titanium(II) Reagents
• 3.7.57  Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Amines with in situ prepared BH₃·THF
• 3.7.58  Reduction of Nitroalkenes and Nitroalkanes to Amines Using NaBH₄/NiCl₂ and Ultrasound
• 3.7.59  Zinc/Ammonium Formate: Reduction of Oximes to Amines
• 3.7.60  Benzyl Group Hydrogenolysis Using Zinc and Ammonium Formate
• 3.7.61  Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Oximes using Chromium(II)Chloride
• 3.7.62  Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Ketones using Chromium(II)Chloride
• 3.7.63  Review: Catalytic Hydrogen Transfer Reductions Using Ammonium Formate
• 3.7.64  CTH Reduction of Nitroalkanes to Amines

4. Tryptamines

• 4.0.1  TiHKAL - THE tryptamine synthesis reference, by Alexander Shulgin
• 4.0.2  Tryptamine Synthesis from Tryptophan
• 4.0.3  Synthesis of Tryptamine and 5-MeO-Tryptamine
• 4.0.4  Synthesis of 5-Methoxytryptamine (Mexamine)
• 4.0.5  alpha-Methyltryptamine (IT-290, AMT) Synthesis
• 4.0.6  Indole-3-acetaldehyde from Tryptophan
• 4.0.7  Synthesis of 5-Bromo-Indole
• 4.0.8  Synthesis of Indoleacetic acid
• 4.0.9  Synthesis of 5-Cyano-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-CN-DMT)
• 4.0.10  Synthesis of 7-bromotryptamine HCl
• 4.0.11  Indole-3-acetonitrile by Cyanomethylation of Indole
• 4.0.12  Preparation of alpha-Substituted Tryptamines from Isatins
• 4.0.13  The Speeter-Anthony Tryptamine Synthesis

4.1 Psilocybin related

• 4.1.1  Extraction, TLC Analysis and Purification of Psilocybian Alkaloids
• 4.1.2  Synthesis of Psilocin
• 4.1.3  Synthesis of Psilocybin and 4-Acetoxy-DMT (O-Acetyl-psilocin)
• 4.1.4  Psilocin Analogs, bromine or formyl substituted at either the 5- or 7-position (PDF)
• 4.1.5  Psilocin synthesis through Pd-catalyzed alkyne cyclization (PDF)
• 4.1.6  Large-scale synthesis of Psilocin and Psilocybin (PDF)
• 4.1.7  Extraction and analysis of indole derivatives from fungal biomass
• 4.1.8  Psilocin Extraction from Psilocybe Mushrooms

4.2 DMT

• 4.2.1  DMT and DET synthesis
• 4.2.2  Synthesis of DMT (and analogs) from Tryptamine
• 4.2.3  Synthesis of DMT from Indoleacetic acid
• 4.2.4  Synthesis of DMT via Tryptophol
• 4.2.5  DMT synthesis via direct Fischer Indole Synthesis
• 4.2.6  DMT from 2-nitrostyrenes
• 4.2.7  DMT and 5-MeO-DMT from Me₂NH/Cl-CH₂CHO/Indole
• 4.2.8  DMT tartrate prep, starting from Acacia maidenii bark
• 4.2.9  5-Methoxy-N-Methyltryptamine (O,N-Dimethylserotonin), synthesis, isolation and analysis
• 4.2.10  5-MeO-DMT Analysis: Quantitative & Qualitative TLC (PDF)
• 4.2.11  Synthesis of DMT by Alkylating Indole Grignard Reagents
• 4.2.12  Synthesis of Deuterated DMT and 5-MeO-DMT

4.3 LSD

• 4.3.1  LSD from Ergotamine Tartrate
• 4.3.2  Novel synthetic route to LSD from elymoclavine
• 4.3.3  LSD Synthesis: Discussion & References
• 4.3.4  LSD Material Safety Data Sheet
• 4.3.5  How to field test blotters for presence of LSD
• 4.3.6  Possible two-step synth of LSD from LSA and iso-LSA
• 4.3.7  LSD Syntheses from 'Recreational Drugs' by Prof. Buzz
• 4.3.8  LSD Synthesis Patent
• 4.3.9  LSD Synthesis using Peptide Coupling Reagents
• 4.3.10  LSD Trafficking overview by the DEA
• 4.3.11  LSD Manufacture overview by the DEA
• 4.3.12  Field Identification Manual for Claviceps Ergot Fungus (PDF)
• 4.3.13  Synthesis of Lysergic Acid from Paspalic Acid
• 4.3.14  Ergot Alkaloid article by Arthur Stoll (PDF)
• 4.3.15  LSD Total Synthesis by Cobalt-catalyzed cyclization of 4-Ethynyl-Indole-3-Acetonitrile (PDF)
• 4.3.16  Synthetic Studies on (+)-Lysergic Acid (PDF)
• 4.3.17  Ergot Alkaloid Biosynthesis, Tet. Rep. #14 (PDF)
• 4.3.18  Fermentation Experiments with Claviceps Paspali
• 4.3.19  Lysergic acid from ergocristine
• 4.3.20  Hydrolysis of Ergotinine to Lysergic Acid
• 4.3.21  R. B. Woodward's Total Synthesis of Lysergic Acid
• 4.3.22  Novel Total Synthesis of Lysergic Acid
• 4.3.23  Synthesis of ¹⁴C-Diethylamine and ¹⁴C-LSD

5. Opiates and Opioids

• 5.0.1  Codeine to Morphine Conversion Review
• 5.0.2  "Homebake" Labs: Codeine to Morphine and Heroin
• 5.0.3  Extraction and purification of morphine from opium
• 5.0.4  New patent on the extraction and purification of morphine from opium
• 5.0.5  Opium - Poppy Cultivation, Morphine and Heroin Manufacture
• 5.0.6  Morphine and Opium Alkaloids
• 5.0.7  Identification tests of morphine
• 5.0.8  Synthesis of Dimenoxadol
• 5.0.9  Total synthesis of (-)-Morphine (PDF)
• 5.0.10  Total synthesis of (+)-Morphine (PDF)
• 5.0.11  Synthesis of Levorphanol (levo-Dromoran)
• 5.0.12  Synthesis of Pethidine (Demerol)
• 5.0.13  One-step synthesis of Prodine
• 5.0.14  Morphine and structurally related analgesics
• 5.0.15  Pethidine-type Analgesics Overview
• 5.0.16  The Stereochemistry of Morphine
• 5.0.17  Total Synthesis of Morphine
• 5.0.18  Codeine FAQ
• 5.0.19  Chromic's Coldwater Codeine Extraction
• 5.0.20  Synthesis of a Clonitazene/Etonitazene Analog
• 5.0.21  Conversion of Thebaine to Codeine
• 5.0.22  Anileridine Synthesis and Pharmacology

5.1 Hydrocodone/Hydromorphone

• 5.1.1  Codeinone from Thebaine
• 5.1.2  Catalytic rearrangement of Morphine/Codeine to Hydromorphone/Hydrocodone
• 5.1.3  Quantitative Conversion of Codeine to Hydrocodone
• 5.1.4  14-Hydroxycodeinone from Codeine (PDF)
• 5.1.5  14-Hydroxycodeinone from Thebaine (PDF)

5.2 Oxycodone/Oxymorphone

• 5.2.1  Oxycodone and Codeinone from Codeine
• 5.2.2  Oxycodone and Oxymorphone from Codeine
• 5.2.3  Oxymorphone from Oxycodone
• 5.2.4  Oxymorphone from Oxycodone with BBr₃

5.3 Methadone

• 5.3.1  Synthesis of Methadone
• 5.3.2  Dibenzo-18-crown-6 as PTC in Bockmühl's synthesis of Methadone
• 5.3.3  Methadone Chemistry: A Review

5.4 Fentanyl related

• 5.4.1  Fentanyl Synthesis
• 5.4.2  Discussions on a Fentanyl analog suggested by Drone #342
• 5.4.3  Carfentanil synthesis
• 5.4.4  Total Synthesis of Sufentanil
• 5.4.5  Synthesis and evaluation of 4-Methyl-Fentanyl (PDF)
• 5.4.6  Synthesis and evaluation of 2,3-seco-Fentanyl (PDF)
• 5.4.7  Theoretical study of 2,3-seco-Fentanyl and other Fentanyl analogs
• 5.4.8  Fentanyl Designer Drugs: Past History and Future Prospects
• 5.4.9  The Identification of China White
• 5.4.10  Designer Drugs: Past History and Future Prospects

5.5 Heroin related

• 5.5.1  Opium - Poppy Cultivation, Morphine and Heroin Manufacture
• 5.5.2  Heroin manufacture
• 5.5.3  The original article on the synthesis of heroin
• 5.5.4  The making of heroin
• 5.5.5  Heroin Synthesis Review, focusing on 4-DMAP Catalyzed Acetylation of Morphine (PDF)

6. Misc Drugs

6.1 GHB related

• 6.1.1  GHB Synthesis FAQ
• 6.1.2  Preparation of Sodium GHB by Chem-R-Us
• 6.1.3  Synthesis and evaluation of 4-Methyl-GHB
• 6.1.4  Synthesis and evaluation of the GHB analogs MAB and DABD
• 6.1.5  Dehydrogenation of 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BD) to gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL)
• 6.1.6  References for the oxidation of THF to GBL
• 6.1.7  Synthesis of GHB/GBL from GABA (Sandmeyer Reaction)
• 6.1.8  Sodium bromate oxidation of THF to GBL (PDF)
• 6.1.9  Solvent-free Permanganate oxidation of THF and 1,4-butanediol to GBL
• 6.1.10  Hypochlorite oxidation of 1,4-butanediol to GBL
• 6.1.11  Potential for gamma-Butyrolactone Synthesis from Tetrahydrofuran and 1,4-Butanediol
• 6.1.12  1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BD, BDO) - Forensic Profile
• 6.1.13  Oxidation of THF to GBL with Calcium Hypochlorite

6.2 Dissociatives

• 6.2.1  Synthesis and Effects of PCP Analogs - A Review
• 6.2.2  Illicit Synthesis of Phencyclidine (PCP) and Several of Its Analogs
• 6.2.3  The detection of PCC contamination in PCP and TCP
• 6.2.4  Synthesis of Eticyclidine and Rolicyclidine
• 6.2.5  Synthesis of Ketamine
• 6.2.6  Synthesis of Ketamine with all precursors made from scratch
• 6.2.7  Synthesis of 4-Methoxy-PCP

6.3 Benzodiazepines

• 6.3.1  Synthesis of Diazepam
• 6.3.2  Synthesis of Nordiazepam
• 6.3.3  Synthesis of Nitrazepam
• 6.3.4  Synthesis of Clonazepam

6.4 THC related

• 6.4.1  Fantastic THC synthesis overview
• 6.4.2  The Total Synthesis of Cannabinoids (78 p. - 6 MB PDF)

6.5 Cocaine Related

• 6.5.1  Illicit Production of Cocaine - A Review
• 6.5.2  A Practical Total Synthesis of Cocaine's Enantiomers
• 6.5.3  Synthesis of Cocaine
• 6.5.4  Synthesis of Cocaine analogs from Arecoline
• 6.5.5  [Bull. Narc.] Topics in the chemistry of cocaine
• 6.5.6  Coca Cultivation & Cocaine Processing
• 6.5.7  Nitrone Synthetic Route to Cocaine
• 6.5.8  Cocaine containing plants
• 6.5.9  SAR and Synthesis of Cocaine Analogs (PDF)
• 6.5.10  Phenyltropane analogs with >60x the potency of Cocaine itself (DejaVu Format)

6.6 Other Stimulants

• 6.6.1  Synthesis of the stimulants Adrafinil and Modafinil
• 6.6.2  Synthesis of 1-Benzylpiperazine (BzP, A2)
• 6.6.3  4-Methyl Aminorex synthesis FAQ (beta)
• 6.6.4  Large info/synthesis collection on 4-Methylaminorex (U4Euh)
• 6.6.5  Appearance of Aminorex as a Designer Analog of 4-Methylaminorex
• 6.6.6  The Stereoisomers of 4-Methylaminorex (U4Euh)
• 6.6.7  A Fatality Involving U4Euh
• 6.6.8  para-Fluoro-4-Methylaminorex
• 6.6.9  Pemoline Synthesis
• 6.6.10  Chemistry of 2-Amino-Oxazolines
• 6.6.11  Diarylpiperidines as potential CNS stimulants
• 6.6.12  Synthesis of diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinyl-methanol and diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinyl-methane
• 6.6.13  Synthesis of BPAP, a Potent and Selective Catecholamine Activity Enhancer (PDF)
• 6.6.14  Synthesis of optically pure threo-methylphenidate (Ritalin)

6.7 Other Drugs

• 6.7.1  Methaqualone (Quaalude) Synthesis
• 6.7.2  Synthesis of Meprobamate (Miltown)
• 6.7.3  Synthesis of Chloral Hydrate
• 6.7.4  Preparation of trichlorobutanol (Chlorbutol)
• 6.7.5  Synthesis of phenylpiperazine derivatives
• 6.7.6  Hormones and Other Anabolic Drugs
• 6.7.7  BZ and related substances
• 6.7.8  BZ and Other Incapacitating Agents
• 6.7.9  Review: Amanita Muscaria (Fly Agaric) - Chemistry, Biology & Ethnomycology (PDF)
• 6.7.10  Synthesis of Muscimol
• 6.7.11  Synthesis of several Barbiturates
• 6.7.12  Barbiturates, their chemistry and synthesis
• 6.7.13  Notes on Adrenochrome
• 6.7.14  Improved extraction of Salvinorins from Salvia Divinorum
• 6.7.15  Salvinorin Extraction and Refinement FAQ v7.6
• 6.7.16  Possible synthesis of Salvinorin
• 6.7.17  The Salvia Divinorum Grower's Guide
• 6.7.18  The Chemistry and Pharmacology of Kava-Kava
• 6.7.19  Synthesis of Thiomuscimol, a potent muscimol analog
• 6.7.20  Synthesis of Moclobemide
• 6.7.21  Synthesis of Melperone
• 6.7.22  Synthesis of Benzocaine
• 6.7.23  First Synthesis of Viagra (Sildenafil)
• 6.7.24  Development of the Commercial Synthesis of Viagra (Sildenafil)
• 6.7.25  One-pot synthesis of Bupropion (Wellbutrin/Zyban)

7. Precursors and Reagents

7.1 Organic

• 7.1.1  Methylamine Synthesis FAQ
• 7.1.2  Nitroalkane Synthesis FAQ
• 7.1.3  Nitroethane Synthesis: A Compilation
• 7.1.4  Oxalyl chloride
• 7.1.5  Phenylhydrazines
• 7.1.6  Alkylation of phenolic aldehydes with trimethyl phosphate
• 7.1.7  Methylene bromide
• 7.1.8  Methylene iodide
• 7.1.9  Cinnamic acid and beta-Bromostyrene
• 7.1.10  Allylbenzene from cinnamyl alcohol
• 7.1.11  Diethyl ether
• 7.1.12  Acetic anhydride, Propionic anhydride and Acetyl chloride
• 7.1.13  Formic acid
• 7.1.14  Acetamide
• 7.1.15  Amides from Carboxylic Acids and Amines
• 7.1.16  Various formylation procedures
• 7.1.17  Modified Duff Formylation with HMTA/TFA
• 7.1.18  Aromatic Formylation using Triformamide
• 7.1.19  Gattermann Aromatic Formylation
• 7.1.20  Synthesis of Aromatic Aldehydes (Review)
• 7.1.21  Anilines to Benzaldehydes (Organic Syntheses)
• 7.1.22  Oxalic Acid from Household Cleaners
• 7.1.23  Oxalic Acid from Household Cleaners (Improved Method)
• 7.1.24  Info on nutmeg, extraction of nutmeg oil and isolation of myristicin
• 7.1.25  Bromobenzene
• 7.1.26  Iodobenzene
• 7.1.27  Mandelic Acid and Derivatives
• 7.1.28  para-Benzoquinone
• 7.1.29  Toluquinone and Toluhydroquinone
• 7.1.30  Ethyl Acetoacetate
• 7.1.31  Notes on the use of 1-dimethylamino-2-nitroethylene (DMANE)
• 7.1.32  Preparation of Acetophenones
• 7.1.33  Acetophenones and Propiophenones
• 7.1.34  Easy preparation of Chloroform
• 7.1.35  Citric acid from lemon juice
• 7.1.36  N-methylformamide
• 7.1.37  Dichloromethyl methyl ether
• 7.1.38  Chloroacetone and Bromoacetone
• 7.1.39  Methyl Iodide from Methanol
• 7.1.40  Great reference on natural propenylbenzenes and aldehydes (in German)
• 7.1.41  Natural amphetamine precursors (with pictures)
• 7.1.42  2-Phenylpropanal
• 7.1.43  Allyl Alcohol
• 7.1.44  Preparation of Diphenylacetic acids (PDF)
• 7.1.45  Alkyl Bromides from Alcohols
• 7.1.46  Alkyl Nitrites from Alcohols
• 7.1.47  Isopropyl Nitrite doc 2.0
• 7.1.48  Ketene
• 7.1.49  Acetonedicarboxylic Acid
• 7.1.50  Diethyl Sulfate
• 7.1.51  N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and N-Iodosuccinimide (NIS)
• 7.1.52  Aromatic nitration with KNO₃/H₂SO₄ in DCM (ortho-Selective)
• 7.1.53  Aromatic nitration with NaHSO₄/NaNO₃/SiO₂ in DCM
• 7.1.54  Acetaldehyde and Paraldehyde
• 7.1.55  Tetrabutylammonium Bromide (TBAB)
• 7.1.56  2-Nitropropene
• 7.1.57  Ethyl Acetate
• 7.1.58  Diethyl Azodicarboxylate (DEAD)
• 7.1.59  Nitrobenzene and Aniline
• 7.1.60  Chloroacetic acid
• 7.1.61  Benzylamine and its N-Methyl and N,N-Dimethyl derivatives
• 7.1.62  Methylisopropylamine
• 7.1.63  Alkyl Chlorides to Alkyl Bromides using CaBr₂/PTC
• 7.1.64  alpha-Phenylethylamine, Synthesis and Optical Resolution
• 7.1.65  Synthesis and resolution of alpha-Phenethylamine
• 7.1.66  3-Hydroxythiophenol (mono-thioresorcinol)
• 7.1.67  Acids to aldehydes using Saccharin and Red-Al
• 7.1.68  Silica Gel Supported Jones Reagent for the Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes
• 7.1.69  One-pot Conversion of Alcohols to Primary Amines
• 7.1.70  Phenol methylation with Betaine
• 7.1.71  Oxone Promoted Nef Reaction
• 7.1.72  Propionic Acid from n-Propanol or MEK
• 7.1.73  6-Nitro- and 4-Nitro-2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
• 7.1.74  Optically active cyanohydrins by use of Almond meal
• 7.1.75  The preparation and use of Diazomethane
• 7.1.76  The preparation and use of Methylene Sulfate
• 7.1.77  The preparation of Ethyl and Methyl Sulfonic Acid Esters from Ortoformates
• 7.1.78  Bromination Method for Anilines and Anisoles Using NH₄Br/H₂O₂ in Acetic Acid

7.2 Inorganic

• 7.2.1  Iodine Fact File
• 7.2.2  Iodine crystals from Povidone-Iodine
• 7.2.3  Iodine from Iodides with Ultrasound
• 7.2.4  Iodine from Iodine tincture
• 7.2.5  Phosphorus Fact File
• 7.2.6  Red Phosphorous from matchbook strikers
• 7.2.7  Chemical Behaviour of Red Phosphorus in Water
• 7.2.8  Cyanogen Iodide (ICN)
• 7.2.9  Potassium dichromate
• 7.2.10  Palladium & Platinum catalysts preparation FAQ
• 7.2.11  Urushibara Catalysts - New Hydrogenation Catalysts
• 7.2.12  Rochelle salt (Potassium Sodium Tartrate)
• 7.2.13  Sodium Cyanide
• 7.2.14  Copper Chromite (dehydrogenation catalyst)
• 7.2.15  Cuprous Chloride
• 7.2.16  Mercury Salts (HgCl₂, Hg₂Cl₂, HgSO₄)
• 7.2.17  Lithium Aluminum Hydride (LAH)
• 7.2.18  Lead Tetraacetate, Pb(OAc)₄
• 7.2.19  Sodium Nitrite
• 7.2.20  Guanidine Nitrate from Calcium Cyanamide
• 7.2.21  Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride
• 7.2.22  Manganese(III)acetate
• 7.2.23  H₂O₂ FAQ from H₂O₂.com
• 7.2.24  Cyanogen Bromide (CNBr)
• 7.2.25  Liquid Anhydrous Ammonia
• 7.2.26  Aluminum Chloride and Aluminum Bromide
• 7.2.27  Lithium Borohydride
• 7.2.28  Dithionite Salts Preparation
• 7.2.29  Palladium(II)Chloride, PdCl₂
• 7.2.30  Sodium Cyanoborohydride
• 7.2.31  Thionyl Chloride Purification
• 7.2.32  Hydrazine Sulfate (OTC Prep)
• 7.2.33  Tetrakis(Triphenylphosphine)Palladium(0)
• 7.2.34  Chlorotris(Triphenylphosphine)Rhodium(I) (Wilkinson's Catalyst)
• 7.2.35  Pyrophosphoryl Chloride
• 7.2.36  Preparation of the hydrated diacetate salts of Chromium(II) and Copper(II)

7.3 Preparation of Gases

• 7.3.1  Preparation of 57% Hydriodic Acid
• 7.3.2  Anhydrous Hydrogen Iodide and 57% Hydriodic Acid
• 7.3.3  Anhydrous Hydrogen Iodide from 57% aqueous HI and phosphorous pentoxide
• 7.3.4  Anhydrous Hydrogen Chloride
• 7.3.5  Anhydrous Hydrogen Chloride (Ghetto Prep)
• 7.3.6  Anhydrous Hydrogen Chloride [ HCl_(aq) + CaCl₂ ]
• 7.3.7  Hydrogen Gas
• 7.3.8  Chlorine
• 7.3.9  Nitrous Oxide

8. Law Related

• 8.0.1  DEA's Suspicious Chemical Orders Task Force
• 8.0.2  Special Surveillance List of Chemicals, Products, Materials and Equipment
• 8.0.3  Code of Federal Regulations - Schedules of Controlled Substances
• 8.0.4  Watched and Listed chemicals in the US
• 8.0.5  Buying Chemicals, Glassware and Lab Equipment
• 8.0.6  Abstracts from the forensic journal J. Cland. Lab. Invest. Chem. Assoc.
• 8.0.7  Yogi Shan's Clandestine Chemistry FAQ
• 8.0.8  Clandestine Drug Laboratories
• 8.0.9  DEA report on future synthetic drugs of abuse
• 8.0.10  Alexander Shulgin elaborates on future drugs of abuse
• 8.0.11  Review: Clandestine Drug Synthesis
• 8.0.12  Methamphetamine Control Act
• 8.0.13  Methamphetamine Control Act FAQ
• 8.0.14  Methamphetamine Precursor Chemical Control in the 1990's
• 8.0.15  Precursors Frequently used in Clandestine Laboratories by INCB (PDF)
• 8.0.16  Drugs and Chemicals of Concern
• 8.0.17  Drug Precursor Chemical Control in Canada
• 8.0.18  Amphetamine-type Stimulants - A Global Overview (PDF)
• 8.0.19  Chemical Diversion and Synthetic Drug Manufacture (PDF)
• 8.0.20  Code of Practice for Supply Diversion into Illicit Drug Manufacture (Australia)
• 8.0.21  The Control and Monitoring of Drugs and Chemicals to Prevent their Diversion for Illicit Use (Australia)

8.1 Controlled Substances and Precursors

• 8.1.1  CSA - Canada
• 8.1.2  CSA - Canada, with structural diagrams
• 8.1.3  CSA - United States (Schedules 1999)
• 8.1.4  CSA - United States (Entire Act)
• 8.1.5  CSA - United States (Controlled substances and exemptions)
• 8.1.6  CSA - Germany
• 8.1.7  Grundstoffüberwachungsgesetz (Germany, PDF)
• 8.1.8  Regulation on narcotic substances (Iceland)
• 8.1.9  Sweden - Controlled Substances
• 8.1.10  Norway - Controlled Substances
• 8.1.11  Norway - List of herbs and compounds classified as pharmaceuticals
• 8.1.12  CSA - Estonia
• 8.1.13  Drug precursors subject to EU authorisations
• 8.1.14  List I and List II Chemicals (US)
• 8.1.15  UN Report INCB/1999/4 on illicit drug precursor trafficking
• 8.1.16  UN Report INCB/1998/4 on illicit drug precursor trafficking

9. Equipment & Lab Technique

• 9.0.1  Setup for standard, vacuum and fractional distillation
• 9.0.2  All-glass rotary evaporator
• 9.0.3  Aspirator vacuum station with no need for running water
• 9.0.4  Improvised Overhead Stirrer
• 9.0.5  Homemade microgram scale
• 9.0.6  Natural pH Indicators
• 9.0.7  Digital vacuum gauge
• 9.0.8  Build your own high-quality still (PDF)
• 9.0.9  Do it yourself buchner funnel (PDF)
• 9.0.10  Tips for Safe Parr Hydrogenator Use (PDF)
• 9.0.11  A Simple and Easy Quick-Connect System for Condenser Hoses
• 9.0.12  How to set up distillation equipment and much more (in German)
• 9.0.13  Handling of air- and moisture-sensitive reagents (Aldrich Bulletin)
• 9.0.14  Ground Glassware - Sizes and standards (PDF)
• 9.0.15  Efficient Kugelrohr Distillation Cooling (PDF)
• 9.0.16  Cheaply made Glove Box
• 9.0.17  Very detailed distillation setup instructions
• 9.0.18  Construction and Selection of Fume Hood Designs (PDF)
• 9.0.19  Construction of a Liebig condenser from copper tubing
• 9.0.20  How to perform a vacuum filtration
• 9.0.21  How to perform extractions and washes with a separatory funnel
• 9.0.22  Destruction and neutralization of hazardous lab waste
• 9.0.23  Magnetic Stirrer Plans
• 9.0.24  How thick is your Aluminum Foil?
• 9.0.25  Construction and operation of a catalytic hydrogenation bomb
• 9.0.26  Recrystallization Technique
• 9.0.27  Basic Lab Skills - Crystallization, Distillation, Extraction, TLC, melting point
• 9.0.28  Designing a Chemistry Laboratory (DejaVu Format)
• 9.0.29  Constructing a good fume hood (DejaVu Format)
• 9.0.30  Scientific Glassblowing, Part 1 (DejaVu Format)
• 9.0.31  Scientific Glassblowing, Part 2 (DejaVu Format)
• 9.0.32  Description of Equipment and Basic Lab Setups
• 9.0.33  The Glassware Gallery - Drawings and Descriptions of Lab Equipment
• 9.0.34  Needle Gauge sizes
• 9.0.35  Simple Glass to Fancy Glass
• 9.0.36  Construction of an Inline Gas Dryer (moisture protection tube)
• 9.0.37  Cheap and efficient hydrogenation apparatus
• 9.0.38  The Visual Organic Chemistry Laboratory - Lab technique explained in detail with pictures
• 9.0.39  Ultra-micro boiling point determination
• 9.0.40  Extraction Theory
• 9.0.41  Beginners Guide to Soxhlet Extraction (PDF)
• 9.0.42  Comprehensive Vacuum Pump FAQ with sections about Vacuum Gauges and Tubing
• 9.0.43  Heat sources and heating bath fluids
• 9.0.44  Titrating of Organometallic Reagents (such as RLi and t-BuOK)
• 9.0.45  Excellent Illustrated Tutorial on Simple & Vacuum Distillations, vacuum bp calculation etc.
• 9.0.46  Wine Corks as Stands for Round-Bottomed Flasks
• 9.0.47  Recrystallization and Acid/Base Extraction - The Basics
• 9.0.48  Condenser Ice-Cooling Setup
• 9.0.49  Rotary Evaporators - Theory & Practice
• 9.0.50  Parr Hydrogenation Apparatus Manual
• 9.0.51  Hydrogen Chloride Gas Generators Associated with Clandestine Drug Labs
• 9.0.52  Efficient and Inexpensive Apparatus for Hot Filtration
• 9.0.53  Inexpensive Microscale Magnetic Stirrer
• 9.0.54  Pump-less Condenser Cooling Water Circulator
• 9.0.55  Small Scale Reactor for Ultraviolet Photochemistry
• 9.0.56  New Glassware for Small-Scale Distillation
• 9.0.57  Microscale Vacuum Distillation Apparatus for Simple Separations
• 9.0.58  Design for a Miniature Portable Fume Hood
• 9.0.59Construction of a Compact Steam Distillation Apparatus

9.1 Chromatography

• 9.1.1  Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) tutorial from Zubrick (DejaVu Format)
• 9.1.2  Making TLC Plates from Bulk TLC Silica Gels
• 9.1.3  How to Cut TLC Plastic and Aluminum Sheets correctly?
• 9.1.4  TLC Tutorial Movie (Quicktime)
• 9.1.5  How to perform flash chromatography
• 9.1.6  First journal article describing flash chromatography
• 9.1.7  Amateur Chromatography and Electrophoresis
• 9.1.8  Flash Pad Chromatography - Simple Alternative to Columns
• 9.1.9  Dry Column Vacuum Chromatography
• 9.1.10  Dry-Column Flash Chromatography
• 9.1.11  'Dry Flash' Column Chromatography
• 9.1.12  TLC Mesh Column Chromatography
• 9.1.13  Dry-Column Chromatography (High-capacity TLC Derivative Method)
• 9.1.14  Detection (Visualization) of TLC Zones
• 9.1.15  Manual Microscale Column Chromatography Pressurization Apparatus
• 9.1.16  Quantitative & Qualitative TLC Analysis: Digital Image Processing With any Digital Camera (PDF)
• 9.1.17  Column Chromatography Tutorial (Microscale)
• 9.1.18  Safe and Efficient Flash Chromatography Equipment for the Small Lab

9.2 Solvents

• 9.2.1  Instructions on how to use drying agents
• 9.2.2  Drying Agent Selection Guide
• 9.2.3  Drying Agent Data
• 9.2.4  Some Common Drying Agents
• 9.2.5  Drying of Solvents and Laboratory Chemicals
• 9.2.6  Drying solvents with Sodium/Benzophenone
• 9.2.7  Miscibility of Common Solvents
• 9.2.8  Solvent Miscibility and Polarity
• 9.2.9  Solvent recovery of Tetrahydrofuran (PDF)
• 9.2.10  Distillation and drying of solvents
• 9.2.11  Purification of laboratory solvents
• 9.2.12  Azeotrope database
• 9.2.13  Physical properties of solvents and other liquids
• 9.2.14  NMR Solvents
• 9.2.15  Technical Information & Safe Handling Guide for Methanol

9.3 Chemical Data

• 9.3.1  Calculate the boiling point of liquids under vacuum
• 9.3.2  Convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius degrees
• 9.3.3  Convert vacuum, pressure, volume and length units
• 9.3.4  Convert between different pressure units
• 9.3.5  Chemputer - Calculate reaction yields
• 9.3.6  HTML Periodic Chart
• 9.3.7  Types and properties of hydrofluorocarbons/HFCs and freons/CFCs (PDF)
• 9.3.8  Celsius/Fahrenheit Concersion Chart (PDF)
• 9.3.9  Common Concentrations of Acids and Bases (weight%, molarity, density)
• 9.3.10  Comprehensive pKa table of organic compounds
• 9.3.11  Comprehensive pKa table of organic compounds in DMSO (PDF)
• 9.3.12  A collection of liquid reagents along with their molarities
• 9.3.13  Scientific calculator for chemists with notebook
• 9.3.14  Chemical calculator
• 9.3.15  Chemical resistance tables for a wide range of materials (PDF)
• 9.3.16  Useful Tables for Lab Use - Properties, Units, Solutions, Safety & a Periodic System (PDF)
• 9.3.17  Molarity of Concentrated Reagents, Acids & Bases

10. Multimedia

• 10.0.1  Clandestine Chemistry Photo Album
• 10.0.2  From Safrole to MDA
• 10.0.3  Reductive amination of MDP2P with Al/Hg and Nitromethane
• 10.0.4  Bucket Reductive Amination via MethylMan Al/Hg Nitromethane
• 10.0.5  Red P/Iodine Reduction of Pseudoephedrine to Methamphetamine
• 10.0.6  PCP Synthesis via Enamine Intermediate
• 10.0.7  Methylamine from Ammonium Chloride and Formaldehyde
• 10.0.8  Illustrated Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trimethoxy-beta-nitrostyrene and 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-nitroethane
• 10.0.9  Distillation apparatus setup (Quicktime)
• 10.0.10  Vacuum distillation procedure (Windows Media File)
• 10.0.11  Organic Laboratory Instructional Video Clips
• 10.0.12  The best tribute to The Hive that has ever been seen

11. Miscellaneous

• 11.0.1  OTC Solvents FAQ 1.0
• 11.0.2  Extraction FAQ
• 11.0.3  An introduction to catalytic transfer hydrogenation
• 11.0.4  PTC Oxidation of Alcohols Using Hydrogen Peroxide
• 11.0.5  PTC Oxidation of Alcohols Using Hypochlorite
• 11.0.6  Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohols to Benzaldehydes with NaBr-Oxone
• 11.0.7  Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohols to Benzaldehydes with DMSO
• 11.0.8  General procedure for Collins reagent oxidations
• 11.0.9  Psychotomimetic Chemical Weapons
• 11.0.10  Technical information on hard gelatin capsules
• 11.0.11  Gelatin capsule size chart (PDF)
• 11.0.12  General Alkaloid Extraction Doc
• 11.0.13  Grignard Reaction Notes
• 11.0.14  Grignard Reactions in "Wet" Ether
• 11.0.15  Aldehydes from grignard reagents and formic acid salts
• 11.0.16  Aldehydes from grignard reagents using 2-(N-Methyl,N-Formylamino)pyridine
• 11.0.17  Reduction of Acid Chlorides to Aldehydes using Sodium Borohydride & Pyridine
• 11.0.18  Wizard X's Homepage
• 11.0.19  The Complete Organic Synthesis online (with structure search engine)
• 11.0.20  The Collected Rantings of the alt.drugs.chemistry Legend POPeye
• 11.0.21  The Collected Rantings of the alt.drugs.chemistry Legend Eleusis/Zwitterion
• 11.0.22  m-Chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) Reaction Handbook (PDF)
• 11.0.23  m-Chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) Technical Bulletin (PDF)
• 11.0.24  Color test drug identification reference (PDF)
• 11.0.25  Comprenhensive organic reduction overview
• 11.0.26  Essential Oils in Hundreds of Plants, all Containing Phenylpropene Derivatives
• 11.0.27  E-Book: Vogel's Practical Organic Chemistry, 3rd Ed. (DejaVu Format)
• 11.0.28  Nickel-on-Charcoal - A dirt cheap Pd/C alternative? (PDF)
• 11.0.29  Nickel-on-Charcoal - Improved preparation (PDF)
• 11.0.30  A Whirlwind Tour of Current Mitsunobu Chemistry (PDF)
• 11.0.31  Aryl Halides to Thiophenols using Thiourea
• 11.0.32  Organic Structure Determination Bibliography
• 11.0.33  The Watcher's Chemistry Works (Snapshot Jan 2003)
• 11.0.34  CTH Removal of N-Benzyl groups
• 11.0.35  CTH Removal of N-Benzyl groups
• 11.0.36  Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution - Activation, Deactivation and Regioselectivity
• 11.0.37  E-Book: 'Hydrogenation Methods' by Paul. N. Rylander (DejaVu Format)
• 11.0.38  Synthesis of Methanesulfonate Esters (Mesylates) From Alcohols
• 11.0.39  The Biochemistry of Drugs and Poisons (PDF)
• 11.0.40  The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Research Monographs
• 11.0.41  1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine (MPTP): One Designer Drug and Serendipity
• 11.0.42  Two-Carbon Homologation of Grignard Reagents to Primary Amines
• 11.0.43  One-Pot Synthesis of Carbamates: Alkylation of Amines with R-O-Ts/PTC/K₂CO₃/CO₂
• 11.0.44  Rapid Reduction of Carbonyl Group to Methylene with PMHS-B(C6F5)3
• 11.0.45  Cyanuric Chloride: Converting Carboxylic Acids into Chlorides/Esters/Amides

11.1 References

• 11.1.1  Lilienthal's Pharmacological and Chemical References
• 11.1.2  Large collection of phenethylamine and tryptamine synth refs
• 11.1.3  Phenethylamine synthesis patents
• 11.1.4  Reduction of Nitrostyrenes to Phenethylamines - Comprehensive Literature Search
• 11.1.5  Synthesis of Nitrostyrenes by Condensation of Benzaldehydes with Nitroalkanes
• 11.1.6  Neurotransmitter.Net - Great Abstracted Neuropharmacology Archive
• 11.1.7  The collected works of hallucinogen researcher Richard A Glennon
• 11.1.8  Organic Structure Determination Bibliography
• 11.1.9  The Albert Hofmann Collection: LSD & Psilocybin References
• 11.1.10  MDMA: A Review of the English-Language Scientific and Medical Literature
• 11.1.11  Detection and Analysis of Drugs of Forensic Interest, Literature Review 1992-2001
• 11.1.12  Literature Review: Forensic Analysis of GHB, GBL and 1,4-BD

11.2 Microwave Chemistry Research

• 11.2.1  Microwave Chemistry tips
• 11.2.2  Microwave Chemistry FAQ
• 11.2.3  Dariusz Bogdall's Microwave Syntheses
• 11.2.4  Miscellaneous information on clays
• 11.2.5  MW-chem: Preparation of alkyl azides from alkyl bromides
• 11.2.6  MW-chem: Reductive amination with NaBH₄
• 11.2.7  MW-chem: Reduction of carbonyl compounds with NaBH₄
• 11.2.8  MW-chem: Nitroalkene preparation from benzaldehydes (PDF)
• 11.2.9  MW-chem: Benzaldehydes from alcohols using MnO2/Silica (PDF)
• 11.2.10  MW-chem: Preparation of beta-nitrostyrenes from styrenes
• 11.2.11  MW-chem: An introductory overview from New Scientist by Gavin Whittaker
• 11.2.12  MW-Chem: Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation
• 11.2.13  MW-Chem: Ethers from alcohols and alkyl halides
• 11.2.14  MW-chem: Theoretical and mechanistical background (PDF)
• 11.2.15  MW-chem: Organic Chemistry Review (PDF)
• 11.2.16  MW-chem: Wolff-Kishner reduction of ketones to hydrocarbons (PDF)
• 11.2.17  MW-chem: Oxidation of Alcohols to Ketones
• 11.2.18  MW-chem: High-yielding Azidation of Primary and Secondary Tosylates
• 11.2.19  MW-chem: Solvent-Free Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Inactive Aryl Halides